91暗网

InCommon Federation Participant Operational Practices

Participation in the InCommon Federation (federation) enables a federation participating organization (participant) to use Shibboleth identity attribute-sharing technologies to manage access to online resources that can be made available to the InCommon community. One goal of the federation is to develop, over time, community standards for such cooperating organizations to ensure that shared attribute assertions are sufficiently robust and trustworthy to manage access to important protected resources. As the community of trust evolves, the federation expects that participants eventually should be able to trust each other's identity management systems and resource access management systems as they trust their own.

A fundamental expectation of participants is that they provide authoritative and accurate attribute assertions to other participants, and that participants receiving an attribute assertion protect it and respect privacy constraints placed on it by the federation or the source of that information. In furtherance of this goal, InCommon requires that each participant make available to other participants certain basic information about any identity management system, including the identity attributes that are supported or resource access management system registered for use within the federation.

Two criteria for trustworthy attribute assertions by identity providers are: (1) that the identity-management system fall under the purview of the organization鈥檚 executive or business management, and (2) the system for issuing end-user credentials (e.g., PKI certificates, userids/passwords, Kerberos principals, etc.) specifically have in place appropriate risk-management measures (e.g., authentication and authorization standards, security practices, risk assessment, change management controls, audit trails, etc.).

InCommon expects that service providers who receive attribute assertions from another participant will respect the other participant's policies, rules and standards regarding the protection and use of that data. Furthermore, such information should be used only for the purposes for which it was provided. InCommon strongly discourages the sharing of that data with third parties, or aggregation of it for marketing purposes without the explicit permission¹ of the identity information providing participant.

InCommon requires participants to make available to all other participants answers to the questions below.² Additional information to help answer each question is available in the next section of this document. There is also a glossary at the end of this document that defines terms shown in italics.

 

1.   Federation Participant Information

1.1   The InCommon Participant Operational Practices information below is for:
InCommon Participant organization name: 91暗网.
The information below is accurate as of this date February 20, 2015.

1.2   Identity Management and/or Privacy information

Additional information about the Participant鈥檚 identity management practices and/or privacy policy regarding personal information can be found on-line at the following location(s): www.skidmore.edu/it/policies/

1.3   Contact information

The following person or office can answer questions about the participant鈥檚 identity-management system or resource access management policy or practice.

Name: Dwane Sterling
Title or role: Chief Technology Officer
Email address: dsterlin@skidmore.edu
Phone: 518-580-5909

2.   Identity Provider Information

The most critical responsibility that an identity provider participant has to the federation is to provide trustworthy and accurate identity assertions.³ It is important for a service provider to know how your electronic identity credentials are issued and how reliable the information associated with a given credential (or person) is.

Community

2.1   If you are an identity provider, how do you define the set of people who are eligible to receive an electronic identity? If exceptions to this definition are allowed, who must approve such an exception?

A: Members of the community are defined by: Current students (terminated no more than 30 days after withdrawal), alumni that have received a degree (given minimal restricted accounts for email only), current faculty and staff (terminated no more than 30 days after employment ends), and special programs groups (given minimal special purpose electronic identities good only for the duration of their special program). Some contracted service partners are given electronic identities on a case-by-case basis only for the duration of their need, and only on the approval of the director, Enterprise Systems. All vendor accounts are end-dated, and expire at the completion of the engagement or at one year, whichever is shorter.

2.2   鈥淢ember of community鈥� is an assertion that might be offered to enable access to resources made available to individuals who participate in the primary mission of the university or organization. For example, this assertion might apply to anyone whose affiliation is 鈥渃urrent student, faculty or staff.鈥�

What subset of persons registered in your identity management system would you identify as a 鈥淢ember of community鈥� in Shibboleth identity assertions to other InCommon participants?

A: At 91暗网 a 鈥渕ember of the community鈥� is a member of the faculty, staff or students, and a limited number of contracted service partners that have an ongoing relationship with the college.  

Electronic Identity Credentials

2.3   Please describe in general terms the administrative process used to establish an electronic identity that results in a record for that person being created in your electronic identity database? Please identify the office(s) of record for this purpose. For example, 鈥淩egistrar鈥檚 Office for students; HR for faculty and staff.鈥�

A: Faculty and staff receive a role and responsibility when they are entered into the college鈥檚 human resource system by the HR office. Students receive a role and responsibility when they are entered into the student system as an accepted applicant that has submitted an enrollment deposit as determined by the Admissions Office accepting the deposit payment. Once these roles and responsibilities are defined, then the user is automatically added to the electronic identity database.  

2.4   What technologies are used for your electronic identity credentials (e.g., Kerberos, userID/password, PKI) that are relevant to federation activities? If more than one type of electronic credential is issued, how is it determined who receives which type? If multiple credentials are linked, how is this managed (e.g., anyone with a Kerberos credential also can acquire a PKI credential) and recorded?

A: Our systems use user ID/password against the active directory servers on campus. The active directory servers comply with the Kerberos authentication model and are also used to authenticate our Unix servers against the same database. We also use Oracle LDAP as a separate directory server. Both the active directory and Oracle LDAP server use a current schema extended with the eduPerson schema. All systems (active directory, the LDAP server, the Microsoft Office 365 hosted environment and our Oracle applications users) are synchronized by our account provisioning system on the back end, such that user ID/password is consistent in all systems.

2.5   If your electronic identity credentials require the use of a secret password or PIN, and there are circumstances in which that secret would be transmitted across a network without being protected by encryption (i.e., 鈥渃lear-text passwords鈥� are used when accessing campus services), please identify who in your organization can discuss with any other participant concerns that this might raise for them:

A: The Information Technology department has been on an aggressive campaign to eliminate clear-text passwords, and all "login" pages force a redirect to an encrypted link. There may be a few legacy web pages set up by faculty or staff that may not redirect, but as they are identified they are eliminated. These login-only pages are special purpose or limited-use pages but have the potential to expose some passwords to capture or corruption. Some of this exposure is mitigated by the requirement for strong passwords and the enforced policy of changing passwords on an annual basis. All centrally maintained pages and systems use encrypted protocols to ensure passwords remain safe. If a participant in inCommon wishes to discuss this topic, please use the contact information in section 1.3. 

2.6   If you support a 鈥渟ingle sign-on鈥� (SSO) or similar campuswide system to allow a single-user authentication action to serve multiple applications, and you will make use of this to authenticate people for InCommon service providers, please describe the key security aspects of your SSO system including whether session timeouts are enforced by the system, whether user-initiated session termination is supported, and how use with 鈥減ublic access sites鈥� is protected.

A: While we use a single identifier (userID) and single token (password) to identify our users, we do not have and do not support a single sign-on environment. Each system requires a separate logon to access the system. There are timed logoffs for the majority of our systems, espcially those that can access sensitive data, that either lock or log off the user.

2.7   Are your primary electronic identifiers for people, such as 鈥渘et ID,鈥� eduPersonPrincipalName, or eduPersonTargetedID considered to be unique for all time to the individual to whom they are assigned? If not, what is your policy for re-assignment and is there a hiatus between such reuse?

A: We do not reuse electronic identifiers. They are unique to an individual, and are maintained in our electronic identity database to ensure no duplication of identifiers.

Electronic Identity Database

2.8   How is information in your electronic identity database acquired and updated? Are specific offices designated by your administration to perform this function? Are individuals allowed to update their own information online?

A: Our electronic identity database is fed automatically from the 鈥渟ystems of authority鈥� (SOA) depending on the category of person. HR maintains the Human Resource records for Faculty and Staff. The Admissions Office generates the initial student record in the Student System, and then the Registrar maintains those records once the student is accepted and pays the enrollment deposit. There is no ability for anyone other than the IT department to modify or alter the Electronic Identity Database directly. No individual can update their own records.

2.9   What information in this database is considered 鈥減ublic information鈥� and would be provided to any interested party?

A: No data in the electronic identity database is considered public. The college has the public facing portion of its LDAP servers, which are fed by this system, if such information is needed. This public facing directory allows for individual control of information released using FERPA controls. Directory information includes Name, Phone Number, and email address.

Uses of Your Electronic Identity Credential System

2.10 Please identify typical classes of applications for which your electronic identity credentials are used within your own organization.

A: Centrally maintained administrative applications such as HR, payroll, time card entry, email, class enrollment, printing, campus card, learning management system, library resources, wireless network registration and many others. Any protected resource is accessed using these credentials.                                                                                                                                                     

Attribute Assertions

Attributes are the information data elements in an attribute assertion you might make to another federation participant concerning the identity of a person in your identity management system.

2.11 Would you consider your attribute assertions to be reliable enough to:

[ X ] control access to on-line information databases licensed to your organization?

[ X ] be used to purchase goods or services for your organization?

[ X] enable access to personal information such as student loan status?

Privacy Policy

Federation participants must respect the legal and organizational privacy constraints on attribute information provided by other participants and use it only for its intended purposes.

2.12 What restrictions do you place on the use of attribute information that you might provide to other federation participants?

A: Information must only be used for the purpose for which it has been provided. It must not be aggregated or provided to any third party, or used outside the scope of the agreement with the college鈥檚 permission.

2.13 What policies govern the use of attribute information that you might release to other Federation participants? For example, is some information subject to FERPA or HIPAA restrictions?

A: FERPA Policy: /registrar/transcripts/transcript-ferpa.php

3.   Service Provider Information

Service providers are trusted to ask for only the information necessary to make an appropriate access control decision, and to not misuse information provided to them by identity providers. Service providers must describe the basis on which access to resources is managed and their practices with respect to attribute information they receive from other Participants.

3.1   What attribute information about an individual do you require in order to manage access to resources you make available to other Participants? Describe separately for each service ProviderID that you have registered.

A: Firstname, lastname, email, eduPersonAffiliation. At this time we are not acting as a service provider to anything other than our internal test systems.

3.2   What use do you make of attribute information that you receive in addition to basic access control decisions? For example, do you aggregate session access records or records of specific information accessed based on attribute information, or make attribute information available to partner organizations, etc.?

A: None. At this time we are not acting as a service provider to anything other than our internal test systems.  

3.3   What human and technical controls are in place on access to and use of attribute information that might refer to only one specific person (i.e., personally identifiable information)? For example, is this information encrypted?

A: Not applicable. At this time we are not acting as a service provider to anything other than our internal test systems.

3.4   Describe the human and technical controls that are in place on the management of super-user and other privileged accounts that might have the authority to grant access to personally identifiable information?

A: Not applicable. At this time we are not acting as a service provider to anything other than our internal test systems.

3.5   If personally identifiable information is compromised, what actions do you take to notify potentially affected individuals?

A: Not applicable. At this time we are not acting as a service provider to anything other than our internal test systems.

4.   Other Information

4.1   Technical Standards, Versions and Interoperability

Identify the version of Internet2 Shibboleth code release that you are using or, if not using the standard Shibboleth code, what version(s) of the SAML and SOAP and any other relevant standards you have implemented for this purpose.

A: Shibboleth 2.1.X , current version.

4.2   Other Considerations

Are there any other considerations or information that you wish to make known to other federation participants with whom you might interoperate? For example, are there concerns about the use of clear text passwords or responsibilities in case of a security breach involving identity information you may have provided?

A: None.

Additional Notes and Details on the Operational Practices Questions

As a community of organizations willing to manage access to online resources cooperatively, and often without formal contracts in the case of non-commercial resources, it is essential that each participant have a good understanding of the identity and resource management practices implemented by other participants. The purpose of the questions above is to establish a base level of common understanding by making this information available for other participants to evaluate.

In answering these questions, please consider what you would want to know about your own operations if you were another participant deciding what level of trust to place in interactions with your online systems. For example:

• What would you need to know about an identity provider in order to make an informed decision whether to accept its assertions to manage access to your online resources or applications?
• What would you need to know about a service provider in order to feel confident providing it information that it might not otherwise be able to have?

It also might help to consider how identity management systems within a single institution could be used.

• What might your central campus IT organization, as a service provider, ask of a peer campus identity provider (e.g., computer science department, central library, or medical center) in order to decide whether to accept its identity assertions for access to resources that the IT organization controls?
• What might a campus department ask about the central campus identity management system if the department wanted to leverage it for use with its own applications?

The numbered paragraphs below provide additional background to the numbered questions in the main part of this document.

[1.2] InCommon participants who manage identity providers are strongly encouraged to post on their website the privacy and information security policies that govern their identity management system. Participants who manage service providers are strongly encouraged to post their policies with respect to use of personally identifying information.

[1.3] Other InCommon participants may wish to contact this person or office with further questions about the information you have provided or if they wish to establish a more formal relationship with your organization regarding resource sharing.

[2]     Many organizations have very informal processes for issuing electronic credentials. For example, one campus does this through its student bookstore. A service provider may be more willing to accept your assertions to the extent that this process can be seen as authoritative.

[2.1] It is important for a service provider to have some idea of the community whose identities you may represent. This is particularly true for assertions such as the eduPerson 鈥淢ember of Community.鈥� A typical definition might be 鈥渇aculty, staff, and active students鈥� but it might also include alumni, prospective students, temporary employees, visiting scholars, etc. In addition, there may be formal or informal mechanisms for making exceptions to this definition, e.g., to accommodate a former student still finishing a thesis or an unpaid volunteer.

This question asks to whom you, as an identity provider, will provide electronic credentials. This is typically broadly defined so that the organization can accommodate a wide variety of applications locally. The reason this question is important is to distinguish between the set of people who might have a credential that you issue and the subset of those people who fall within your definition of 鈥渕ember of community鈥� for the purpose of InCommon attribute assertions.

[2.2] The assertion of 鈥渕ember of community鈥� is often good enough for deciding whether to grant access to basic online resources such as library-like materials or websites. InCommon encourages participants to use this assertion only for 鈥渇aculty, staff, and active students,鈥� but some organizations may have the need to define this differently. InCommon service providers need to know if this has been defined differently.

[2.3] For example, if there is a campus recognized office of record that issues such electronic credentials and that office makes use of strong, reliable technology and good database management practices, those factors might indicate highly reliable credentials and hence trustworthy identity assertions.

[2.4] Different technologies carry different inherent risks. For example, a userID and password can be shared or 鈥渟tolen鈥� rather easily. A PKI credential or SecureID card is much harder to share or steal. For practical reasons, some campuses use one technology for student credentials and another for faculty and staff. In some cases, sensitive applications will warrant stronger and/or secondary credentials.

[2.5] Sending passwords in 鈥渃lear text鈥� is a significant risk, and all InCommon participants are strongly encouraged to eliminate any such practice. Unfortunately this may be difficult, particularly with legacy applications. For example, gaining access to a centralized calendar application via a wireless data connection while you are attending a conference might reveal your password to many others at that conference. If this is also your campus credential password, it could be used by another person to impersonate you to InCommon participants.

[2.6] 鈥淪ingle sign-on鈥� (SSO) is a method that allows a user to unlock his or her electronic identity credential once and then use it for access to a variety of resources and applications for some period of time. This avoids people having to remember many different identifiers and passwords or to continually log into and out of systems. However, it also may weaken the link between an electronic identity and the actual person to whom it refers if someone else might be able to use the same computer and assume the former user鈥檚 identity. If there is no limit on the duration of a SSO session, a federation service provider may be concerned about the validity of any identity assertions you might make. Therefore it is important to ask about your use of SSO technologies.

[2.7] In some identity management systems, primary identifiers for people might be reused, particularly if they contain common names, e.g. Jim Smith@MYU.edu. This can create ambiguity if a service provider requires this primary identifier to manage access to resources for that person.

[2.8] Security of the database that holds information about a person is at least as critical as the electronic identity credentials that provide the links to records in that database. Appropriate security for the database, as well as management and audit trails of changes made to that database, and management of access to that database information are important.

[2.9] Many organizations will make available to anyone certain, limited 鈥減ublic information.鈥� Other information may be given only to internal organization users or applications, or may require permission from the subject under FERPA or HIPAA rules. A service provider may need to know what information you are willing to make available as 鈥減ublic information鈥� and what rules might apply to other information that you might release.

[2.10] In order to help a service provider assess how reliable your identity assertions may be, it is helpful to know how your organization uses those same assertions. The assumption here is that you are or will use the same identity management system for your own applications as you are using for federated purposes.

[2.11] Your answer to this question indicates the degree of confidence you have in the accuracy of your identity assertions.

[2.12] Even 鈥減ublic information鈥� may be constrained in how it can be used. For example, creating a marketing email list by 鈥渉arvesting鈥� email addresses from a campus directory website may be considered illicit use of that information. Please indicate what restrictions you place on information you make available to others.

[2.13] Please indicate what legal or other external constraints there may be on information you make available to others.

[3.1] Please identify your access management requirements to help other participants understand and plan for use of your resource(s). You might also or instead provide contact information for an office or person who could answer inquiries.

[3.2] As a service provider, please declare what use(s) you would make of attribute information you receive.

[3.3] Personally identifying information can be a wide variety of things, not merely a name or credit card number. All information other than large group identity, e.g., 鈥渕ember of community,鈥� should be protected while resident on your systems.

[3.4] Certain functional positions can have extraordinary privileges with respect to information on your systems. What oversight means are in place to ensure incumbents do not misuse such privileges?

[3.5] Occasionally protections break down and information is compromised. Some states have laws requiring notification of affected individuals. What legal and/or institutional policies govern notification of individuals if information you hold is compromised.

[4.1] Most InCommon participants will use Internet2 Shibboleth technology, but this is not required. It may be important for other participants to understand whether you are using other implementations of the technology standards.

[4.2] As an identity provider, you may wish to place constraints on the kinds of applications that may make use of your assertions. As a service provider, you may wish to make a statement about how user credentials must be managed. This question is completely open-ended and for your use.

Glossary

• Access management system: The collection of systems and or services associated with specific online resources and/or services that together derive the decision about whether to allow a given individual to gain access to those resources or make use of those services.
• Assertion: The identity information provided by an identity provider to a service provider.
• Attribute: A single piece of information associated with an electronic identity database record. Some attributes are general; others are personal. Some subset of all attributes defines a unique individual.
• Authentication: The process by which a person verifies or confirms their association with an electronic identifier. For example, entering a password that is associated with an UserID or account name is assumed to verify that the user is the person to whom the UserID was issued.
• Authorization: The process of determining whether a specific person should be allowed to gain access to an application or function, or to make use of a resource. The resource manager then makes the access control decision, which also may take into account other factors such as time of day, location of the user, and/or load on the resource system
• Electronic identifier: A string of characters or structured data that may be used to reference an electronic identity. Examples include an email address, a user account name, a Kerberos principal name, a UC or campus NetID, an employee or student ID, or a PKI certificate.
• Electronic identity: A set of information that is maintained about an individual, typically in campus electronic identity databases. May include roles and privileges as well as personal information. The information must be authoritative to the applications for which it will be used.
• Electronic identity credential: An electronic identifier and corresponding personal secret associated with an electronic identity. An electronic identity credential typically is issued to the person who is the subject of the information to enable that person to gain access to applications or other resources that need to control such access.
• Electronic identity database: A structured collection of information pertaining to a given individual. Sometimes referred to as an "enterprise directory." Typically includes name, address, email address, affiliation and electronic identifier(s). Many technologies can be used to create an identity database, for example LDAP or a set of linked relational databases.
• Identity: Identity is the set of information associated with a specific physical person or other entity. Typically an identity provider will be authoritative for only a subset of a person鈥檚 identity information. What identity attributes might be relevant in any situation depend on the context in which it is being questioned.
• Identity management system: A set of standards, procedures and technologies that provide electronic credentials to individuals and maintain authoritative information about the holders of those credentials.
• Identity provider: A campus or other organization that manages and operates an identity management system and offers information about members of its community to other InCommon participants.
• NetID: An electronic identifier created specifically for use with online applications. It is often an integer and typically has no other meaning.
• Personal secret (also verification token): Used in the context of this document, is synonymous with password, pass phrase or PIN. It enables the holder of an electronic identifier to confirm that s/he is the person to whom the identifier was issued.
• Service provider: A campus or other organization that makes on-line resources available to users based in part on information about them that it receives from other InCommon participants.